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–'s Book of Alexander. Bruges, Belgium, 15th century Gog and Magog (;;: גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג Gog u-Magog) in the may be individuals, peoples, or lands; a prophesied enemy nation of God's people according to the, and according to Genesis, one of the descended from, son of. The Gog prophecy is meant to be fulfilled at the approach of what is called the ', but not necessarily the end of the world. Viewed Gog and Magog as enemies to be defeated by the, which will usher in the age of the Messiah. 's interpretation is more starkly: making Gog and Magog allies of against God at the end of the, as can be read in the. A legend was attached to Gog and Magog by the time of the, that the were erected by to repel the tribe.
Romanized Jewish historian knew them as the nation descended from Magog the, as in, and explained them to be the. In the hands of Early Christian writers they became apocalyptic hordes, and throughout the Medieval period variously identified as the, or other, or even the of. The legend of Gog and Magog and the gates was also interpolated into the.
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In one version, 'Goth and Magoth' are kings of the Unclean Nations, driven beyond a mountain pass by Alexander, and blocked from returning by his new wall. Gog and Magog are said to engage in human in the romances and derived literature. They have also been depicted on Medieval cosmological maps, or, sometimes alongside Alexander's wall. Gog and Magog appear in the as Yajuj and Majuj (: يأجوج ومأجوج Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj), adversaries of, a legendary figure derived from Alexander the Great. Muslim geographers identified them at first with from and later with the Mongols. In modern times they remain associated with apocalyptic thinking, especially in the and the. The first mention of the two names occurs in the, where Gog is an individual and Magog is his land; in Genesis 10 Magog is a person, son of son of, but no Gog is mentioned.
In Revelation, Gog and Magog together are the hostile nations of the world. Gog or Goug the occurs in 5:4, but he appears to have no connection with the Gog of Ezekiel or Magog of Genesis. The form 'Gog and Magog' may have emerged as shorthand for 'Gog and/of the land of Magog', based on their usage in the, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible.
An example of this combined form in Hebrew ( Gog u-Magog) has been found, but its context is unclear, being preserved only in a fragment of the. The meaning of the name Gog remains uncertain, and in any case the author of the Ezekiel prophecy seems to attach no particular importance to it; efforts have been made to identify him with various individuals, notably, a king of in the early 7th century BCE, but many scholars do not believe he is related to any historical person. The name Magog is equally obscure, but may come from the Assyrian mat-Gugu, 'Land of Gyges', i.e., Lydia. Alternatively, Gog may be derived from Magog rather than the other way round, and 'Magog' may be code for. The Biblical 'Gog and Magog' possibly gave derivation of the name, a legendary British giant. A later corrupted folk rendition in print altered the tradition around Gogmagog and with two giants Gog and Magog, with whom the statues came to be identified. Judeo-Christian texts.
— panel, mid-12th century. Ezekiel and the Old Testament In the, Gog only appears in chapters of the. The Book records a series of visions received by the 6th-century BC prophet, a priest of, who was among the captive during the.
The exile, he tells his fellow captives, is 's punishment on Israel for turning away, but God will restore his people to when they return to him. After this message of reassurance, chapters, the Gog oracle, tell how Gog of Magog and his hordes will threaten the restored Israel but will be destroyed, after which God will establish a new Temple and dwell with his people for a period of lasting peace (chapters 40–48). The Gog oracle, as internal evidence indicates, was composed substantially later than the chapters around it. 'Son of man, direct your face against Gog, of the land of Magog, the prince, leader of and, and prophesy concerning him. Say: Thus said the Lord: Behold, I am against you, Gog, the prince, leader of Meshech and Tubal Persia, and Put will be with you also with all its troops, and Beth from the far north with all its troops—the many nations with you.' 'Gog of Magog' here can be tied to Magog the in Genesis 10, even though Gog's paternal lineage is not explicitly given, due to the string of other names present: Meshech, Tubal, Gomer are all sons of Japeth thus 'brothers' of Magog; Togarmah of 'Beth Togarmah' is Magog's 'nephew'.
Of Gog's allies, Meshech and Tubal were 7th-century kingdoms in central north of Israel, Persia towards east, Cush (Ethiopia) and Put (Libya) to the south; Gomer is the, a nomadic people north of the Black Sea, and Beth Togarmah was on the border of Tubal. The confederation thus represents a multinational alliance surrounding Israel. 'Why the prophet's gaze should have focused on these particular nations is unclear,' comments Biblical scholar, but their remoteness and reputation for violence and mystery possibly 'made Gog and his confederates perfect symbols of the archetypal enemy, rising against God and his people'. One explanation is that the Gog alliance, a blend of the ' in Genesis 10 and 's trading partners in Ezekiel 27, with Persia added, was cast in the role of end-time enemies of Israel by means of Isaiah 66:19, which is another text of eschatological foretelling. Although the prophecy refers to Gog as an enemy in some future, it is not clear if the confrontation is meant to occur in a final ' since the Hebrew term aḥarit ha-yamim (: אחרית הימים) may merely mean 'latter days', and is open to interpretation. Twentieth-century scholars have used the term to denote the in a malleable sense, not necessarily meaning final days, or tied to the Apocalypse. Still, the Utopia of chapters 40–48 can be spoken of in the parlance of 'true character, given that it is a product of 'cosmic conflict' described in the immediately preceding Gog chapters.
Gog and Magog from Ezekiel to Revelation. —Old French Apocalypse in verse, Toulouse MS. 49v Over the next few centuries Jewish tradition changed Ezekiel's Gog from Magog into Gog and Magog.
The process, and the shifting geography of Gog and Magog, can be traced through the literature of the period. The 3rd book of the, for example, which originated in Egyptian Judaism in the middle of the 2nd century BC, changes Ezekiel's 'Gog from Magog' to 'Gog and Magog,' links their fate with up to eleven other nations, and places them 'in the midst of rivers'; this seems a strange location, but ancient geography did sometimes place Ethiopia next to Persia or even India. The passage has a highly uncertain text, with manuscripts varying in their groupings of the letters of the Greek text into words, leading to different readings; one group of manuscripts ('group Y') links them with the ' and ', in eastern Europe, amongst others. The, from about the same time, makes three references to either Gog or Magog: in the first, Magog is a descendant of Noah, as in Genesis 10; in the second, Gog is a region next to Japheth's borders; and in the third, a portion of Japheth's land is assigned to Magog.
The 1st-century, which retells Biblical history from Adam to Saul, is notable for listing and naming seven of Magog's sons, and mentions his 'thousands' of descendants. The and the (a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made during the last few centuries of the pre-Christian era) occasionally introduce the name of Gog where the Hebrew original has something else, or use Magog where the Hebrew has Gog, indicating that the names were interchangeable. Chapters 19:11–21:8 of the, dating from the end of the 1st century AD, tells how is to be imprisoned for a thousand years, and how, on his release, he will rally 'the nations in the four corners of the Earth, Gog and Magog,' to a final battle with Christ and his saints: 'When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the Earth—Gog and Magog—and to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the seashore.' Midrashic writings After the failure of the anti-Roman in the 2nd century AD which looked to a human leader as the promised, Jews began to conceive of the messianic age in supernatural terms: first would come a forerunner, the, who would defeat Israel's enemies, identified as Gog and Magog, to prepare the way for the; then the dead would rise, divine judgement would be handed out, and the righteous would be rewarded.
The, homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical texts in the of, treat Gog and Magog as two names for the same nation who will come against Israel in the final war. The rabbis associated no specific nation or territory with them beyond a location to the north of Israel, but the great Jewish scholar identified the Christians as their allies and said God would thwart their plan to kill all Israel. Alexander the Great.
See also: The 1st-century Jewish historian identified the Gog and Magog people as, horse-riding barbarians from around the and the. Josephus recounts the tradition that Gog and Magog were locked up by behind in the 'Caspian Mountains', generally identified with the Mountains. This legend must have been current in contemporary Jewish circles by this period, coinciding with the beginning of the Christian Era. Several centuries later, this material was vastly elaborated in the and. Precursor texts in Syriac The Pseudo-Methodius, written originally in Syriac, is considered the source of Gog and Magog tale incorporated into Western versions of the Alexander Romance. An earlier-dated Syriac Alexander Legend contains a somewhat different treatment of the Gog and Magog material, which passed into the lost Arabic version, or the Ethiopic and later Oriental versions of the Alexander romance.
In the Syriac Alexander Legend dating to 629–630, Gog (: ܓܘܓ, gwg) and Magog (: ܡܓܘܓܵ, mgwg) appear as kings of nations. Written by a Christian based in Mesopotamia, the Legend is considered the first work to connect the Gates with the idea that Gog and Magog are destined to play a role in the apocalypse. The legend claims that Alexander carved prophecies on the face of the Gate, marking a date for when these Huns, consisting of 24 nations, will breach the Gate and subjugate the greater part of the world.
Pseudo-Methodius (7th century ) is the first source in the Christian tradition for a new element: two mountains moving together to narrow the corridor, which was then sealed with a gate against Gog and Magog. This idea is also in the Quran (609–632CE ), and found its way in the Western Alexander Romance.
Alexander romances This Gog and Magog legend is not found in earlier versions of the of Pseudo-Callisthenes, whose oldest manuscript dates to the 3rd century, but an into recensions around the 8th century. In the latest and longest Greek version are described the Unclean Nations, which include the Goth and Magoth as their kings, and whose people engage in the habit of eating worms, dogs, human and fetuses. They were allied to Belsyrians (, of in modern-day North ), and sealed beyond the 'Breasts of the North', a pair of mountains fifty days' march away towards the north. Gog and Magog appear in somewhat later Old French versions of the romance.
In the verse, Branch III, of (c. 1170), Gog and Magog ('Gos et Margos', 'Got et Margot') were vassals to, king of India, providing an auxiliary force of 400,000 men. Routed by Alexander, they escaped through a in the mountains of (or Turs), and were sealed by the wall erected there, to last until the advent of the Antichrist. Branch IV of the poetic cycle tells that the task of guarding Gog and Magog, as well as the rule of Syria and Persia was assigned to, one of Alexander's successors. The Monster of Gog and Magog, by (1203–1283). The conflation of Gog and Magog with the legend of Alexander and the Iron Gates was disseminated throughout the Near East in the early centuries of the Christian era. In the Qu'ran Surah 18, Yajuj and Majuj (Gog and Magog) are suppressed by Dhul-Qarnayn 'the two-horned one', a legendary figure derived from Alexander the Great.
Dhul-Qarnayn, having journeyed to the ends of the world, meets 'a people who scarcely understood a word' who seek his help in building a barrier that will separate them from the people of Yajuj and Majuj who 'do great mischief on earth'. He agrees to build it for them, but warns that when the time comes (Last Age), Allah will remove the barrier and Yajuj and Majuj will swarm through. The early Muslim traditions were summarised by (d. 1283) in two popular works called the Cosmography and the Geography. Gog and Magog, he says, live near to the sea that encircles the Earth and can be counted only by God; they are only half the height of a normal man, with claws instead of nails and a hairy tail and huge hairy ears which they use as mattress and cover for sleeping.
They scratch at their wall each day until they almost break through, and each night God restores it, but when they do break through they will be so numerous that 'their vanguard is in and their rear in '. Various nations and peoples in history were identified as Ya'juj and Ma'juj. At one point, it was the Turks, who threatened and northern Iran; later, when the Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258, it was they who were Gog and Magog. The wall dividing them from civilised peoples was normally placed towards and, but in the year 842 the Caliph Al-Wathiq had a dream in which he saw that it had been breached, and sent an official named Sallam to investigate. Sallam returned a little over two years later and reported that he had seen the wall and also the tower where Dhul Qarnayn had left his building equipment, and all was still intact.
It is not entirely clear what Sallam saw, but he may have reached the Jade Gate, the westernmost customs point on the border of China. Somewhat later the 14th-century traveller reported that the wall was sixty days' travel from the city of, which is on the coast of China; the translator notes that Ibn Battuta has confused the with that built.
Modern apocalypticism In the early 19th century, some identified 's invasion of as 'The War of Gog and Magog'. But as the century progressed, apocalyptic expectations receded as the populace in Europe began to adopt an increasingly secular worldview. This has not been the case in the United States, where a 2002 poll indicated that 59% of Americans believed the events predicted in the Book of Revelation would come to pass. During the the idea that Russia had the role of Gog gained popularity, since Ezekiel's words describing him as 'prince of Meshek'— rosh meshek in Hebrew—sounded suspiciously like Russia and Moscow. Even some Russians took up the idea, apparently unconcerned by the implications ('Ancestors were found in the Bible, and that was enough'), as did.
Some Post–Cold War millenarians still identify Gog with Russia, but they now tend to stress its allies among Islamic nations, especially. For the most fervent, the countdown to began with the return of the Jews to Israel, followed quickly by further signs pointing to the nearness of the final battle—nuclear weapons, European integration, Israel's seizure of Jerusalem, and America's wars in Afghanistan and the. In the prelude to the, President told, 'Gog and Magog are at work in the Middle East'.
'This confrontation', he urged the French leader, 'is willed by God, who wants to use this conflict to erase His people's enemies before a new age begins'. Chirac consulted a professor at the Faculty of Theology of the to explain Bush's reference. In the Islamic apocalyptic tradition, the end of the world would be preceded by the release of Gog and Magog, whose destruction by God in a single night would usher in the Day of Resurrection. Reinterpretation did not generally continue after Classical times, but the needs of the modern world have produced a new body of apocalyptic literature in which Gog and Magog are identified as the Jews and Israel, or the Ten Lost Tribes, or sometimes as Communist Russia and China. One problem these writers have had to confront is the barrier holding Gog and Magog back, which is not to be found in the modern world: the answer varies, some writers saying that Gog and Magog were the Mongols and that the wall is now gone, others that both the wall and Gog and Magog are invisible. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to.
Explanatory notes.